Coalescing: The process or mechanism of merging small droplets or aerosols and creating larger droplets that can easily be removed by gravity. It also refers to the joining of liquid droplets dispersed in another immiscible liquid e.g. water drops in oil.
Gas coalescing filter: A separator containing changeable elements that is capable of the removal of sub-micron aerosols and solids. This coalescing and filtering occurs as the gas flows from the inside of the filter/coalescing element to the outside of this element in the vertical filter-coalescer. Properly designed, this coalescing stage will remove solids and fine aerosols down to 0.3 micron and larger.
Electrostatic coalescer: A device used to remove dispersed water from oil by using a high voltage field to polarize and/or charge dispersed water droplets.
Emulsion: A stable dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another liquid.
Entrainment: Fluid in the form of a mist, fog, droplets or bubbles carried along with the continuous phase.
Filter: A device used to separate solids from liquid or gas flow. Most filters utilize removable elements.
Filter separators: A device to remove solids and entrained liquids from a gas stream. It usually has two compartments. The first compartment contains filter coalescing elements. As the gas flows through the elements, the liquid particles coalesce into larger droplets and when the droplets reach sufficient size, the gas flow causes them to flow out of the filter elements into the center core. The particles are then carried into the second compartment of the vessel where the larger droplets are removed. A lower barrel or boot may be used for surge or storage of the removed liquid.
Flash drum: A vessel used to separate liquids, generated due to pressure reduction and/or increase in temperature of a liquid stream, from the gas phase or two phase fluid.
Gas-oil ratio (GOR): The ratio of gas to hydrocarbon at a defined condition, typically expressed as Sm3/m3.
Heater-treater: A device used to process hydrocarbon, by warming and coalescence, in order to remove small quantities of residual water so as to meet transportation or product specifications.
Line drop: A boot or underground vessel, used on a pipeline, to provide a place for free liquids to separate and accumulate. It is used in pipelines with very high gas-to-liquid ratios to remove only free liquid from a gas stream. It will remove bulk liquid, but not necessarily all the liquid.
Knock out drum: Generic term used to describe vessels for gas-liquid separation. Separation can be either for high, or low, gas-to-liquid ratio streams.
Liquid coalescer: A vessel internal used for increasing the droplet size of immiscible liquids, so that they can be removed by gravity separation. Typical coalescing elements are stacked plates, vanes, wire or plastic mesh, or cartridge type elements.
Liquid-liquid separators: A vessel where two liquid phases are separated.
Mist eliminator: A fixed device used to enhance removal of smaller liquid droplets from a gas above which is not normally possible by gravity separation. Typical mist eliminator designs include knitted wire mesh, vane type, and cyclonic.
Production separator: A vessel typically used as the first separation device that the fluid encounters in the wellhead to processing plant production network (sometimes is called Wellhead Separator, when physically located at the well site).
Retention time: For gas-liquid separation, the average time a flowing fluid remains within the liquid section of a separator at the design feed rate. For three phase separation, the retention time can be the time the total fluid remains in the separation section at the design feed rate, or if defined as phase retention time, the time the phase remains in the separation section.
Scrubber: A category of separator used for high gas-to-liquid ratios. Scrubbers are used as the primary separator in systems where small amounts of liquid are produced, to ‘polish’ an already-separated gas stream by removing residual contaminants more completely, or as a backup in case of an operational upset upstream.
Separator: A generic term for a device which separates gas-liquid, gas-liquid-liquid, gas–solids, liquid-solids or gas-liquid- solids.
Slug catcher: A particular separator design which is able to absorb sustained in-flow of large liquid volumes at irregular intervals. Usually found on gas gathering systems or other two-phase pipeline systems at the terminus of the pipeline. A slug catcher may be a single large vessel or a manifolded system of pipes.
Surge drum: A vessel used to provide appropriate time for flow control and dampening during process variations and upsets. The capacity of the surge drum provides the ability to accept liquids from the upstream process, or provide liquids to down stream equipment without upsets.
Surge time: The time it takes to fill a specified fraction of a vessel, defined as the volume between a specified level range in a vessel divided by the design feed flow rate.
Test separator: A separator vessel used near the wellhead, which separates the phases for well test metering.
Three phase separator: A vessel used to separate gas and two liquids of different densities (e.g. gas, water, and oil) into three distinct streams.
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